Visual physiological phenomena
The three elements of color (hue, brightness, purity) produce complex changes under different sources, and the visual physiological responses are also intricate. There are visual adaptation phenomena, contrast phenomena, illusion phenomena, and other various feelings and emotions. Understanding the visual physiological phenomenon of color is of great significance to the study of fabric color. (1) Light and dark vision The light and dark vision of the human eye is due to the strong light of the perfect source causing the visual organ to produce a light and dark phenomenon of perfect brightness. In the function of the eye, cone cells play a role in color sensing under strong conditions, while rod cells can adapt to light and dark vision under weak conditions. Therefore, the light and dark vision function of the human eye mainly relies on rod cells. (2) Field of view and color The angular range of the field of view that the human eye can see under fixed conditions is called the field of view. When the organ is in the fovea, the image of objects is clear, while objects outside the field of vision are blurry and clear. The area where the human eye is sensitive to color is called the color gamut. Differences in source conditions and changes in the three elements of color will cause corresponding changes in the visual field and color gamut. (3) Color width and step The maximum and minimum limits of color recognition by the human eye are called color width. When the human eye is exposed to strong illumination or in a weak room, it sometimes even loses the ability to sense color. It is the latitude caused by the excessive difference in brightness and excessive blur between colors. Step, also called color scale, refers to the difference between color and color, including differences in hue, brightness, purity, etc. The difference in color is large, which means the step is large. The difference is small, that is, the step is small. If the color step difference exceeds the color width, the color will not be perceived correctly. The sense of order of colors requires uniform step arrangement. (4) Color Illusion The human eye has specific tendencies. Objects of the same shape and color in different locations or environments will cause different visual changes. This phenomenon is called an illusion. Illusion is a visual phenomenon, not something that exists objectively. It is caused by the difficulty of the human cerebral cortex in analyzing external stimuli. In fabric design, people often use this optical illusion to enhance the beauty of skin color. Studying the physiological phenomenon of color illusion is of great significance to fabric design. (5) Contrast phenomenon Color contrast phenomenon refers to the comparison between colors. Colors in nature are all in contrast. There are two categories of color contrast: simultaneous contrast and continuous contrast. 1. Simultaneous contrast: When the human eye is stimulated by different colors at the same time, the color sensations are mutually exclusive, which is called simultaneous contrast. The simultaneous contrast of colors has the following rules: (1) When dark colors are adjacent, light ones are brighter and dark colors are darker. Gray and bright colors are juxtaposed, the bright ones are more gorgeous, and the gray ones are grayer. Cool colors and warm colors are juxtaposed, the cold ones are cooler and the warm ones are warmer. (2) When colors are adjacent, they tend to push each other toward their own complementary colors. (3) When colors are adjacent, due to the contrast effect, each of them increases the complementary color and at the same time increases the brightness of the color. (4) At the same time, the contrast effect increases with the increase of color purity, and the adjacent parts (that is, the edge parts) are obvious. (5) Simultaneous contrast can only be produced when colors are adjacent, and the effect is most obvious when one color surrounds another color. 2. Continuous contrast Continuous contrast refers to looking at one color and then looking at another color, so that the visual effect of the second color changes. The difference between sequential contrast and simultaneous contrast is that only the second color undergoes a unilateral visual change. The phenomenon of continuous contrast is produced by the eyes after continuous vision, and is the “after-image” of vision. (6) Visual Adaptation The human body is very adaptable to changes in the objective world. This functional response is called visual adaptation in vision theory. (7) Expansion and contraction of color There is a front-to-back difference in the visual imaging position caused by the wavelength of the color. This difference creates a color gamut, which is slightly different from the actual color gamut. Warm colors have a larger color gamut than the actual color gamut. The imaging position is behind the retina, and it is diffuse. If you stare at red for a long time, you will feel blurred, relaxed, and dilated, and your eyes will easily get tired. A color gamut that is smaller than the actual color gamut is a cool color, and the imaging position is in front of the retina, which is contractile. When looking at blue, the feeling is clearer and there is a sense of contraction. When a color with a sense of expansion and a color with a sense of contraction are juxtaposed, the illusion of color will be strengthened due to the simultaneous contrast effect, each enhancing the original feeling. The expansion and contraction of color are related to brightness. Those with high brightness have a sense of expansion and expansion, while those with low brightness have a sense of contraction. For black and white grids of the same size or black and white strips of the same thickness, the white one feels big and thick, while the black one feels small and thin. For squares of the same size, the green on the purple ground is larger than the purple on the green ground. The yellow on the blue ground is also larger than the blue on the yellow ground. This is the sense of expansion and contraction caused by the contrast of color brightness. Colors that generally have a sense of expansion include: white, bright colors, high-purity colors, and warm colors. Colors that have a sense of shrinkage include: black, turbid colors, dark colors, and cool colors. (8) The intensity and visibility of color can completely stimulate people’s visual nerves and cause people to feel color. There are large and small differences in the degree of stimulation. This degree of stimulation is also called the intensity of the color. Among the colors, vivid colors, bright colors, strong contrasting colors, large area colors, focused colors, close-up colorsThe colors in �� are all strong colors. Gray, dull colors, harmonious colors, small area colors, scattered colors, and distant colors all have the characteristics of low intensity. The degree to which a color is easily recognized visually is called the visibility of a color. The visibility of color has a lot to do with the overall brightness and the area of the object. The greater the complete brightness, the higher the visibility; the smaller the complete brightness, the lower the visibility. The larger the object, scenery and light area, the higher the visibility; the smaller the object, scenery and light area, the lower the visibility. When the object is in a state where the complete area remains unchanged, the visibility of the color is determined by the contrast of the brightness, hue, and purity of the shape and color. Among them, the brightness contrast has the greatest relationship with visibility. Since human visual ability has a certain limit, when the relationship between hue, purity, and brightness is strong, visibility will be high. On the contrary, the visibility is low.
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